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Rain,Steam and Speed The Great Western Railway
new16/Joseph Mallord William Turner-473233.jpg
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Rain,Steam_and_Speed_The_Great_Western_Railway
mk170
before 1844
Oil on canvas
90.8x121.9cm
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The Fighting Temeraire Tugged to Her Last Berth to be Broken Up
new16/Joseph Mallord William Turner-944754.jpg
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The_Fighting_Temeraire_Tugged_to_Her_Last_Berth_to_be_Broken_Up
mk170
1838 before 1839
Oil on canvas
90.8x121.9cm
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San Giorgio Maggiore at Dawn
new16/Joseph Mallord William Turner-227933.jpg
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San_Giorgio_Maggiore_at_Dawn
224 x 287 mm
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Snow Storm, Hannibal and his Army Crossing the Alps
new16/Joseph Mallord William Turner-943497.jpg
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Snow_Storm,_Hannibal_and_his_Army_Crossing_the_Alps
1812
Oil on canvas,
145 x 236,5 cm
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Quillebeuf, at the Mouth of Seine
new16/Joseph Mallord William Turner-954859.jpg
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Quillebeuf,_at_the_Mouth_of_Seine
1833
Oil on canvas,
88 x 120 cm
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Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner
English Romantic Painter, 1775-1851
Joseph Mallord William Turner (23 April 1775 ?C 19 December 1851) was an English Romantic landscape painter, watercolourist and printmaker, whose style is said to have laid the foundation for Impressionism. Although Turner was considered a controversial figure in his day, he is now regarded as the artist who elevated landscape painting to an eminence rivalling history painting.
Turner's talent was recognised early in his life. Financial independence allowed Turner to innovate freely; his mature work is characterised by a chromatic palette and broadly applied atmospheric washes of paint. According to David Piper's The Illustrated History of Art, his later pictures were called "fantastic puzzles." However, Turner was still recognised as an artistic genius: the influential English art critic John Ruskin described Turner as the artist who could most "stirringly and truthfully measure the moods of Nature." (Piper 321)
Suitable vehicles for Turner's imagination were to be found in the subjects of shipwrecks, fires (such as the burning of Parliament in 1834, an event which Turner rushed to witness first-hand, and which he transcribed in a series of watercolour sketches), natural catastrophes, and natural phenomena such as sunlight, storm, rain, and fog. He was fascinated by the violent power of the sea, as seen in Dawn after the Wreck (1840) and The Slave Ship (1840).
Turner placed human beings in many of his paintings to indicate his affection for humanity on the one hand (note the frequent scenes of people drinking and merry-making or working in the foreground), but its vulnerability and vulgarity amid the 'sublime' nature of the world on the other hand. 'Sublime' here means awe-inspiring, savage grandeur, a natural world unmastered by man, evidence of the power of God - a theme that artists and poets were exploring in this period. The significance of light was to Turner the emanation of God's spirit and this was why he refined the subject matter of his later paintings by leaving out solid objects and detail, concentrating on the play of light on water, the radiance of skies and fires. Although these late paintings appear to be 'impressionistic' and therefore a forerunner of the French school, Turner was striving for expression of spirituality in the world, rather than responding primarily to optical phenomena.
Rain, Steam and Speed - The Great Western Railway painted (1844).His early works, such as Tintern Abbey (1795), stayed true to the traditions of English landscape. However, in Hannibal Crossing the Alps (1812), an emphasis on the destructive power of nature had already come into play. His distinctive style of painting, in which he used watercolour technique with oil paints, created lightness, fluency, and ephemeral atmospheric effects. (Piper 321)
One popular story about Turner, though it likely has little basis in reality, states that he even had himself "tied to the mast of a ship in order to experience the drama" of the elements during a storm at sea.
In his later years he used oils ever more transparently, and turned to an evocation of almost pure light by use of shimmering colour. A prime example of his mature style can be seen in Rain, Steam and Speed - The Great Western Railway, where the objects are barely recognizable. The intensity of hue and interest in evanescent light not only placed Turner's work in the vanguard of English painting, but later exerted an influence upon art in France, as well; the Impressionists, particularly Claude Monet, carefully studied his techniques.
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